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|
美元台幣匯率 ▸ 32.634 | 台幣日圓匯率 ▸ 4.791 | 台幣歐元匯率 ▸ 0.029 | 台幣韓元匯率 ▸ 44.317 | 台幣英鎊匯率 ▸ 0.024 | 台幣人民幣匯率 ▸ 0.224
綜合

借據應該怎麼寫?關於寫借據的一些建議事項!

借據應該怎麼寫?關於寫借據的一些建議事項!

借據應該怎麼寫?關於寫借據的一些建議事項!

借據應該怎麼寫?關於寫借據的一些建議事項!

撰文:高雄律師,王瀚誼律師事務所。

【編按】:民法第205條於民國109年12月29日,已經三讀通過從20%調降為16%,並且超過部分之約定為無效,故本篇文章所引用之判決仍為尚未修法的法院見解。

大家好,我們今天會繼續向大家討論關於「追討欠款」的法律問題,在上一篇文章「借錢真的有必要寫借據嗎?借錢契約如何成立呢?」中,我們提到了若是將錢借給他人時,簽署書面借據的重要性,可以藉此免除不少舉證的麻煩,而今天將會接著討論,關於撰寫借據的幾點建議事項。

 

一、基本資訊務必要明確:

(1)貸與人和借用人的個人資訊:正確本名、身分證編號、出生年月日、戶籍地址等,都需要正確填寫無誤,可以避免後續不知道向誰追討、甚至是進到訴訟後相關文書無法正確送達的麻煩。

(2)約定利息額度:目前法定最高利息已經修正為年息16%,若超過此範圍者,約定為無效。

(3)還款方式與期限:用何種方式還款,是否採用分期,期限為何等等。

 

二、可增加借據效力之約定:

(1)借用人是否提供相關擔保:可約定擔保品(物保)、連帶保證人(人保)、本票等。詳細的效力可以參考以下第三點的說明。

(2)確保清償期:可約定「一期未付即視為全部到期」,若借用人未如期還款,且經貸與人提起訴訟時,此時貸與人可以請求借用人支付的範圍,不僅是已到期而未清償的債務,而是可就全部款項與利息來請求。

(3)約定違約金罰則:可約定未按期還款的違約金數額,當中也可將強制執行的相關衍生費用含括進去,不過違約金的數額,雖然不受法定最高利率20%的限制,但是如果超過太多時,後續仍有可能會讓法院依照民法第252條來酌減違約金的數額。

 

三、關於借款獲償之相關事項:

(1)設定流抵契約:

民法第873-1條
第1項:約定於債權已屆清償期而未為清償時,抵押物之所有權移屬於抵押權人者,非經登記,不得對抗第三人。
第2項:抵押權人請求抵押人為抵押物所有權之移轉時,抵押物價值超過擔保債權部分,應返還抵押人;不足清償擔保債權者,仍得請求債務人清償。
第3項:抵押人在抵押物所有權移轉於抵押權人前,得清償抵押權擔保之債權,以消滅該抵押權。

民法第873條之1規定,流抵契約是約定當債權已經到了清償期,而債務人仍未清償時,抵押物的所有權會移轉給抵押權人,因此,視需求可以在借據上明定流抵條款,就債務人的財產先行設定抵押權,待後續借款不獲清償時,讓借款人可以取得該抵押物的所有權。

而貸與人於依照流抵契約請求借用人移轉抵押物所有權時,負有清算抵押物價值的義務,此時,若抵押物價值超過所擔保的債權,即應將多餘的價額返還抵押人,而若抵押物價值不足以清償所擔保的債權,貸與人後續仍可向借用人請求尚未還清的價額,簡而言之,貸與人因流抵契約所受的清償範圍,仍須受原債權額度之限制。

(2)向法院聲請核發支付命令

民法第508條
第1項:債權人之請求,以給付金錢或其他代替物或有價證券之一定數量為標的者,得聲請法院依督促程序發支付命令。
第2項:支付命令之聲請與處理,得視電腦或其他科技設備發展狀況,使用其設備為之。其辦法,由司法院定之。

民法第511條
第1項:支付命令之聲請,應表明下列各款事項:
一、當事人及法定代理人。
二、請求之標的及其數量。
三、請求之原因事實。其有對待給付者,已履行之情形。
四、應發支付命令之陳述。
五、法院。
第2項:債權人之請求,應釋明之。

而視情況可以拿著借據,向法院聲請支付命令,依照修法之後的民事訴訟法規定,聲請支付命令時,依照民事訴訟法第511條規定,必須敘明請求標的及其原因、事實,來向法院聲請,順利的話後續便可強制執行債務人的財產,但是,因為現今的支付命令已經沒有既判力,如果債務人異議的話,可能會變成另外新的訴訟,故使用上需要多一步考量喔!

(3)聲請本票強制執行:

另外,如果簽署借據當時,有請債務人同時簽立本票的話,此時便有聲請本票強制執行的程序可供選擇,本票具有可以直接強制執行,跳過中間訴訟程序的特性,因此本票的追討效力,相較於單純的借貸契約,要依照一般的民事訴訟流程來說,本票是更有效率的,因此,或許您可能也聽過類似的建議,簽借據同時也要簽立本票,就是為了這個原因。(關於本票可以參考我們先前所撰寫過的文章:「本票債權被強制執行了,應該怎麼辦?」。)

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借據應該怎麼寫?關於寫借據的一些建議事項!〉這篇文章最早發佈於《668 News》。

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